radio, rain, rainy, raise, reach, read, ready, real, really, receive, record, red, remember, remind, remove, rent, repair, repeat, reply, report, rest, restaurant, result, return, rice, rich, ride, right, ring, rise, road, rob, rock, room, round, rubber, rude, rule, ruler, run, rush. In iconic phonetic notation, the shapes of the phonetic characters are designed so that they visually represent the position of articulators in the vocal tract. Phonemic symbols should always be backed up by an explanation of their use and meaning, especially when they are as divergent from actual pronunciation as /crc/.[12]. For example, the words pets and beds could be transcribed phonetically as [pʰɛʔts] and [b̥ɛd̥z̥] (in a fairly narrow transcription), and phonemically as /pets/ and /bedz/. [11] A frequently cited example is the symbol chosen for the English consonant at the beginning of the words 'rue', 'rye', 'red': this is frequently transcribed as /r/, despite the symbol suggesting an association with the IPA symbol [r] which is used for a tongue-tip trill. However, a native English speaker would recognize that underneath this, they represent the same plural ending. Kemp, J. Alan. face, fact, fail, fall, false, family, famous, far, farm, father, fast, fat, fault, fear, feed, feel, female, fever, few, fight, fill, film, find, fine, finger, finish, fire, first, fit, five, fix, flag, flat, float, floor, flour, flower, fly, fold, food, fool, foot, football, for, force, foreign, forest, forget, forgive, fork, form, fox, four, free, freedom, freeze, fresh, friend, friendly, from, front, fruit, full, fun, funny, furniture, further, future. B. for descriptive linguists doing fieldwork or for speech pathologists impressionistically transcribing speech disorders). This page was last edited on 15 October 2020, at 12:05. In R. E. Asher & J. M. Y. Simpson (Eds.). For other uses, see, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phonetic_transcription&oldid=983643613#Narrow_versus_broad_transcription, Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2018, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2019, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2019, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [4] The disadvantage is that a narrow transcription is rarely representative of all speakers of a language. [9], There are also several possibilities in how to transcribe the word phonemically, but here, the differences are generally of not precision but analysis. For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how closely sounds may be transcribed. game, garden, gate, general, gentleman, get, gift, give, glad, glass, go, goat, god, gold, good, goodbye, grandfather, grandmother, grass, grave, great, green, grey, ground, group, grow, gun. For example, the English word church may be transcribed as /tʃɝːtʃ/, a close approximation of its actual pronunciation, or more abstractly as /crc/, which is easier to type. sad, safe, sail, salt, same, sand, save, say, school, science, scissors, search, seat, second, see, seem, sell, send, sentence, serve, seven, several, sex, shade, shadow, shake, shape, share, sharp, she, sheep, sheet, shelf, shine, ship, shirt, shoe, shoot, shop, short, should, shoulder, shout, show, sick, side, signal, silence, silly, silver, similar, simple, single, since, sing, sink, sister, sit, six, size, skill, skin, skirt, sky, sleep, slip, slow, smoke, small, smell, smile, smoke, snow, so, soap, sock, soft, some, someone, something, sometimes, son, soon, sorry, sound, soup, south, space, speak, special, speed, spell, spend, spoon, sport, spread, spring, square, stamp, stand, star, start, station, stay, steal, steam, step, still, stomach, stone, stop, store, storm, story, strange, street, strong, structure, student, study, stupid, subject, substance, successful, such, sudden, sugar, suitable, summer, sun, sunny, support, sure, surprise, sweet, swim, sword.
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