Directional Terms for Anatomical Position Most of the directional terms used to describe the relationship of one part of the body to another can be grouped into pairs that have opposite meanings . [2], The dorsal (from Latin dorsum 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. Echinoderm larvae are not included, since they are bilaterally symmetrical. An indefinite number of triads of mutually perpendicular axes could be defined, but any such choice of axes would be useless, as nothing would distinguish a chosen triad from any others. A PTA involved in direct wound care is likely to have significant clinical experience and additional continuing education in wound care. Figure 1-2. Anatomical terms of movement are used to describe the actions of muscles upon the skeleton. Standard anatomical and zoological terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and Greek words, to enable all biological and medical scientists, veterinarians, doctors and anatomists to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their organs, even though the meaning of some of the terms often is context-sensitive. [2] Fields such as osteology, palaeontology and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe the mouth and teeth. [2] [5], Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main anatomical planes:[2]. This is the supine position, and so this movement is supination. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The terms used assume that the body begins in the anatomical position. [2][1], Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the pectoralis major muscle). Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans. Figure 1-5. Plantarflexion refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly. Use the information in this article to help you with the answers. This is internal rotation of the shoulder. Eversion involves the movement of the sole away from the median plane – so that the sole faces in a lateral direction. Find the indicated structures in the diagrams provided, based on the directional terms given. Therefore, abducting the fingers spreads them out. Structures closer to the radius are radial, structures closer to the ulna are ulnar, and structures relating to both bones are referred to as radioulnar. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Lateral Side of the Knee and Surgical Implications Evan W. James, BS,* Christopher M. LaPrade, BA,* and Robert F. LaPrade, MD, PhD*w Abstract: A detailed understanding of the anatomy and bio-mechanics of the lateral knee is essential for the clinical diagnosis and surgical treatment of lateral-sided knee injuries. 2. We have described the terms in antagonistic pairs for ease of understanding. Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a direct that is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (Latin: dexter, lit. The different sectional planes used to expose internal structures.. Reduction of pressure and prevention of future breakdowns are a PT/PTAs top priority. Organisms that are attached to a substrate, such as sponges, animal-like protists also have distinctive ends. Structures may be described as being at the level of a specific spinal vertebra, depending on the section of the vertebral column the structure is at. For example, the Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous systems. However, some biradially symmetrical comb jellies do have distinct "tentacular" and "pharyngeal" axes[62] and are thus anatomically equivalent to bilaterally symmetrical animals. The terms proximal (from Latin proximus 'nearest') and distal (from Latin distare 'to stand away from') are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively. Several terms are commonly seen and used as prefixes: Other terms are used as suffixes, added to the end of words: Superior (from Latin super 'above') describes what is above something[20] and inferior (from Latin inferus 'below') describes what is below it. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together. Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep. Standard anatomical and zoological terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and Greek words, to enable all biological and medical scientists, veterinarians, doctors and anatomists to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their organs, even though the meaning of some of the terms often is context-sensitive. Terms include: Different terms are used because of different body plans in animals, whether animals stand on one or two legs, and whether an animal is symmetrical or not, as discussed above.
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