The inhabitants of Skara Brae used flagstones, layered into the ground, and filled the spaces with earth and middens (domestic rubbish) to construct their homes. El Tajín is a ruined ancient city of the Classic era of Mesoamerica, located in the highlands of the municipality of Papantla in Mexico. Timgad was founded by Emperor Trajan around AD 100 as “Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi” and served as a Roman colony for veterans of Trajan’s army. Known to be the oldest existing colonial construction in South Africa, the Castle of Good Hope was built by the Dutch East India Company in the late 17th century. Remains from the old walled city date this site back to 9000 BC, and today visitors can tour the ruins by foot or rent a bike for a two-wheeled tour through the modern-day city of Jericho. The Chateau de Chambord is famous for its distinctive French Renaissance architecture; on the one hand it borrows features from classic Medieval castles (such as a moat and walls, albeit ornamental in this case) and blends them with contemporary Renaissance structures. Because of its position near the mouth of the Stour, Rutupiae became a major British port under the Romans and the starting point for the road now known as Watling Street. The Sassanian’s built a fire temple of the Zoroastrian faith called the Athur-Gushnasp (Azargoshnasb) around the sacred Avestan Chechasta Lake. The Kilkenny Castle was sold to the state of Ireland in the mid-twentieth century for £50 and is today one of the most visited tourist sites in Ireland. Ruins around the world have withstood the test of time and remain standing for travelers to marvel at. The Kingdom was centred on Chan Chan, a large adobe city that covered an area of 4942 acres, making the site one of the largest pre-Columbian cities in South America. This is what 10,000 years of human ingenuity looks like. The Dutch settlement here served as a place of replenishment for ships making the long journey from the Netherlands to Indonesia. It was during his second time at Cape Adare in 1899 that he set up two huts (Antarctica’s first buildings ever) for him and his men to be the first expedition to overnight on Antarctica. With the emergence of the Roman Republic, a sustained rivalry ensured for the dominion of the western Mediterranean. Ostia Antica was founded on the mouth of the Tiber River and was attributed by the Romans to the fourth King of Rome, Ancus Marcius who reigned during the 7th century BC. When and how did the first animals appear? A pentagonal stone fortress, the castle housed a church, bakery, shops and living quarters, as well as a large bell which was used to tell the time and issue warnings in case of danger. This is when the original mentions of an ‘alcazar’ – a Moorish word for castle – first appear. Ciudad Perdida, translated in Spanish as the “Lost City”, also known as “Teyuna” and “Buritaca” locally is an archaeological site in the jungles of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia. Pueblo Bonito is the largest example of a “great house” that was planned and constructed in stages between AD 850 to AD 1150. The largest and most prestigious of the many castles or chateaux of the Loire Valley in France, the Chateau de Chambord was built for King Francis I in the 16th century. Back in the early 20th century, the great Lawrence of Arabia remarked of the Krak de Chevaliers that it was ‘perhaps the best preserved and most wholly admirable castle in the world’. Persepolis is the ceremonial capital city of the Achaemenid Empire, also called the First Persian Empire that covered an area of 2.1 million square miles from the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east.
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