Likewise, African Americans furthered Between 1910 and 1920, the number of blacks employed in industry nearly doubled from 500,000 to 901,000. political motivations for emigrating, “searches for new circumstances 115Franklin and Moss, From Slavery to Freedom: 361–362. Since the publication of that book, Leah Platt Bouston (Competition in the Promised Land: Black Migrants in Northern Cities and Labor Markets) refined the method and clarified data problems that complicate estimates for the 1960s and 1970s. For the most part, these patterns were related to geography, with the closest cities attracting the most migrants (such as Los Angeles and San Francisco receiving a disproportionate number of migrants from Texas and Louisiana). Between 1910 and 1920, the number of blacks employed in industry nearly doubled from 500,000 to 901,000. Tens of thousands of blacks were recruited for industrial jobs, such as positions related to the expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In Chicago for instance, the neighborhood of Bronzeville became known as the "Black Metropolis". [8], Some historians differentiate between a first Great Migration (1916–40), which saw about 1.6 million people move from mostly rural areas in the South to northern industrial cities, and a Second Great Migration (1940–70), which began after the Great Depression and brought at least 5 million people—including many townspeople with urban skills—to the North and West. [16] In 1900, about 90 percent of blacks still lived in Southern states. [26], The Great Migration had effects on music as well as other cultural subjects. ", "Returning South: A family revisits a double lynching that forced them to flee to Chicago 100 years ago", "Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968", "The Great Migration: The African American Exodus from The South", "Migrations – The African-American Mosaic Exhibition – Exhibitions (Library of Congress)", "Review: The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration", "Jacob Lawrence Is Dead at 82; Vivid Painter Who Chronicled Odyssey of Black Americans". [19] The authors of The Negro in Chicago; a study of race relations and a race riot, an official report from 1922 on race relations in Chicago, came to the conclusion that there were many factors that led to the violent outbursts in Chicago. Click the image at right for six interactive maps and charts that show the numbers of African American migrants leaving the South, the states and cities where they settled, and their states of origin for each decade 1900 to 2000. With the defense buildup for World War II and with the post-war economic prosperity, migration was revived, with larger numbers of blacks leaving the South through the 1960s. [40][41] By the 1920s, New York's Harlem became a center of black cultural life, influenced by the American migrants as well as new immigrants from the Caribbean area. The Great Migration is a backdrop of the 2013 film The Butler, as the Forest Whitaker character Cecil Gaines moves from a plantation in Georgia to become a butler at the White House. Once a people of the South, Black Americans became increasingly part of the big cities of all regions and in those urban settings steadily gained political and cultural influence.
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