Foreign powers had already threatened the French population with horrible retaliation if they did not free King Louis XVI and reinstate him as a monarch. [15], The writings of Baron de Montesquieu, another Enlightenment thinker of the time, greatly influenced Robespierre as well. Suspects' goods were confiscated by the Decrets of Ventôse (February–March 1794), in order to prepare for the redistribution of wealth. The Dantonists were arrested on 30 March, tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April. In response to what they viewed to be the meddling of foreign powers, France declared war on 20 April 1792. On 13 July 1793 the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat—a Jacobin leader and journalist—resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence. Montesquieu. On 20 Prairial (8 June 1794) the Festival of the Supreme Being was celebrated across the country; this was part of the Cult of the Supreme Being, a deist national religion. (Yale University Press, 1989), 343. The guillotine was used to execute many key figures, including Queen Marie-Antoinette, the Girondins, Philippe Égalité, despite his vote for the death of the king, Madame Roland, and many others. On 16 Pluviôse (4 February 1794), the National Convention decreed the abolition of slavery in all of France and in French colonies. The National Convention was bitterly split between the Montagnards and the Girondins. [21] Though mostly ignored, Louis XVI was later able to find support in Leopold II of Austria (brother of Marie Antoinette) and Frederick William II of Prussia. The Coalition, consisting of Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland, and Sardinia began attacking France from all directions, besieging and capturing ports and retaking ground lost to France. Robespierre believed that the virtue needed for any democratic government was extremely lacking in the French people. With the backing of the national guard, they persuaded the Convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders. At the end of 1793, the army began to prevail and revolts were defeated with ease. On 8 Messidor (26 June 1794), the French army won the Battle of Fleurus, which marked a turning point in France's military campaign and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government. Following these arrests, the Jacobins gained control of the Committee of Public Safety on June 10, installing the revolutionary dictatorship. [a] There is a consensus that it ended with the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794[1][2] and resulting Thermidorian Reaction. This blade is raised with a rope and then allowed to drop, severing the victim's head. With the backing of the National Guard, they managed to convince the convention to arrest 31 Girondin leaders, including Jacques Pierre Brissot. ("Terror is nothing other than prompt, severe, inflexible justice.") Emmet Kennedy. New members were appointed the day after Robespierre's execution, and limits on terms of office were fixed (a quarter of the committee retired every three months). Massive reforms of military institutions, while very effective in the long run, presented the initial problems of inexperienced forces and leaders of questionable political loyalty. Violent period during the French Revolution, This article is about the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. "Terror, Vengeance, and Martyrdom in the French Revolution: THE CASE OF THE SHADES - Oxford Scholarship", 2014, accessed 1 May 2018. McLetchie, Scott. [38], On 23 August 1793 the National Convention decreed the levée en masse:[39], Les jeunes gens iront au combat ; les hommes mariés forgeront les armes et transporteront les subsistances ; les femmes feront des tentes et serviront dans les hôpitaux ; les enfants mettront le vieux linge en charpie ; les vieillards se feront porter sur les places publiques pour exciter le courage des guerriers, prêcher la haine des rois et l’unité de la République.
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